Assessing the nucleophilic character of 2-amino-4-arylthiazoles through coupling with 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan: Experimental and theoretical approaches based on structure-reactivity relationships

A kinetic study of the reactions of potentially bioactive 2-amino-4-arylthiazoles with highly reactive 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF) is reported herein in acetonitrile solution. The complexation reaction was followed by recording the UV–vis spectra with time at λ_max = 482 nm. Electronic effects of substituents influencing the rate of reaction have been studied using structure-reactivity relationships. It is shown that the Hammett plot relative to the reaction of DNBF with 2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole exhibit positive deviation from the log k₁ versus σ correlation, while it showed excellent linear correlation in terms of Yukawa–Tsuno equation. It has be noticed that the nonlinear Hammett plot observed for 2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl) thiazole is not attributed to a change in rate-determining step but is due to nature of electronic effect of substituent caused by the resonance of stabilization of substrates. The second-order rate constant (k₁) relating to the bond C–C and C-N forming step of the complexation processes of DNBF with 4-substituted-aminothiazoles and 2-amino-5-methyl-4-phenylthiazole, respectively, is fit into the linear relationship log k = s_N (N + E), thereby permitting the assessment of the nucleophilicity parameter (N) of the 2-amino-4-arylthiazoles of the range (4.90 < N < 6.85). 2-amino-4-arylthiazoles is subsequently ranked by positioning its reactivity on the general nucleophilicity scale developed recently by Mayr and coworkers (2003) leading an interesting and a direct comparison over a large domain of π-, σ -, and n-nucleophiles. The global electrophilicity/nucleophilicity reactivity indexes of the 2-amino-4-arylthiazoles have been investigated by means of a density functional theory (DFT) method. .     

System bandwidth and the existence of generalized shift-invariant frames

We consider the question whether, given a countable family of lattices ${({\mathrm{\Gamma }}_j)}_{j\in J}$ in a locally compact abelian group G, there exist functions ${(g_j)}_{j\in J}$ such that the resulting generalized shift-invariant system ${(g_j(??\gamma ))}_{j\in J,\gamma \in {\mathrm{\Gamma }}_j}$ is a tight frame of $L^2(G)$. This paper develops a new approach to the study of generalized shift-invariant system via almost periodic functions, based on a novel unconditional convergence property. From this theory, we derive characterizing relations for tight and dual frame generators, we introduce the system bandwidth as a measure of the total bandwidth a generalized shift-invariant system can carry, and we show that the so-called Calderón sum is uniformly bounded from below for generalized shift-invariant frames. Without the unconditional convergence property, we show, counter intuitively, that even orthonormal bases can have arbitrary small system bandwidth. Our results show that the question of existence of frame generators for a general lattice system is rather subtle and depends on analytical and algebraic properties of the lattice system.     

An exposition of the topological half of the Grothendieck–Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem in the fancy language of spectra

We give an informal exposition of pushforwards and orientations in generalized cohomology theories in the language of spectra. The whole note can be seen as an attempt at convincing the reader that Todd classes in Grothendieck–Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch type formulas are not Devil’s appearances but rather that things just go in the most natural possible way.

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Multivariate optimization and comparison between conventional extraction (CE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of carotenoid extraction from cashew apple

Carotenoids are an essential component of cashew and can be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, natural pigment, food additives, among other applications. The present work focuses on optimizing and comparing conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. Every optimization step took place with a 1:1 (w:w) mixture of yellow and red cashew apples lyophilized and ground in a cryogenic mill. A Simplex-centroid design was applied for both methods, and the solvents acetone, methanol, ethanol, and petroleum ether were evaluated. After choosing the extractor solvent, a central composite design was applied to optimize the sample mass (59–201 mg) and extraction time (6–34 min). The optimum conditions for the extractor solvent were 38% acetone, 30% ethanol, and 32% petroleum ether for CE and a mixture of 44% acetone and 56% methanol for UAE. The best experimental conditions for UAE were a sonication time of 19 min and a sample mass of 153 mg, while the CE was 23 min and 136 mg. Comparing red and yellow cashews, red cashews showed a higher carotenoid content in both methodologies. The UAE methodology was ca. 21% faster, presented a more straightforward composition of extracting solution, showed an average yield of superior carotenoid content in all samples compared to CE. Therefore, UAE has demonstrated a simple, efficient, fast, low-cost adjustment methodology and a reliable alternative for other applications involving these bioactive compounds in the studied or similar matrix.     

具有四个素因子的奇亏完全数

设n为自然数,σ(n)表示n的所有正因子和函数.令d是n的真因子,若n满足σ(n)=2n-d,则称n为亏因子为d的亏完全数.本文给出了具有四个素因子的奇亏完全数的一些性质的刻画.     

Theoretical Investigation of the Reaction Mechanism of the Photoisomerization of 1,2‐Dihydro‐1,2‐azaborine

The photoisomerization of 1,2‐dihydro‐1,2‐azaborine was investigated by high‐level multireference ab initio and density functional theory calculations. The intermediates (IMs) and transition states (TSs) on the S₀ and S₁ states were optimized using the state‐averaged complete active space self‐consistent field method. The multireference configuration interaction method with the Davidson correction was used to obtain accurate energetics. Moreover, the conical intersections (CIs), which play a crucial role in photoisomerization, were also optimized. On the basis of the calculation results, the most favorable proposed reaction pathway is as follows: reactant→Franck‐Condon region→TS₁→CI→IM₀→TS_0P→product. The product was not directly formed through the CI, and the IM₀ existed on the S₀ state. These results show that the isomerization of 1,2‐dihydro‐1,2‐azaborine involves both photoreactions and thermal reactions. The calculated results clarify recent experimental observations.